How Computers Work for generate good results in 2025

Overview

It’s conceivable for a novice developer with no prior computer experience to dive right into coding without actually understanding anything more than how computers work. However, being totally ignorant about this subject might be perplexing and even a little embarrassing. Using terminology you can actually comprehend, this three-part course takes a vast subject and teaches you the essential basics you could learn over coffee, giving you the confidence to become comfortable in the world of computers.

Using electricity

As you are aware, electricity is used to power modern computers. This electricity travels through copper wires in the circuitry of the computer. An electrical signal’s voltage can be measured over time to yield a wide range of values. The term “analogue,” which comes from the Greek word “proportionate,” refers to a device that employs those values exactly as they are for the output, meaning that the processed values are proportionate to the voltage. One example of this system is an old TV or radio.

Encoding data

Data representation is the first thing you can do with 0 and 1. These two numbers form the basis of the binary number system. Binary is the coding we utilize for all of our data. We can convert anything words, numbers, audio, images to binary, process it on a computer, and then convert it back again for the output.

Numbers

We employ the ten-digit decimal number system (0–9). We run out of digits when we reach nine. Although they are in multiples of two, the columns are still there. We can have 0 in the 1s column, which is written 10, and 1 in the 2s column. In binary, it is the number two, yet it appears to be the same as ten in decimal. It simply requires a lot more columns, or digits, to express decimal values in binary. Computers handle numbers in this way.

Characters

All we need is a code that substitutes numbers for characters. As computers advanced, there were numerous methods for accomplishing this. Fortunately, Unicode has emerged as a worldwide standard. The goal of this standard, which is governed by the Unicode Consortium, is to encode all languages and symbols both ancient and modern so that all computers can comprehend and use them in the same manner.

Pictures

Images are simply divided into many pixels by computers. It is possible to store the numerical values for every color in every row in a list. Additionally, the image’s dimensions are saved so the computer can replicate the image by knowing where each row finishes. Although more pixels require more memory space since they must be saved, the image will appear more realistic at its intended size.

As a result, early computers with less memory space had very “pixelated” visuals. Because they had fewer pixels, the pixels were easier to see with the unaided eye.

Audio

Digital recordings of sound waves can be made by measuring their amplitude at predetermined intervals; a typical method requires 44,100 samples per second. That provides you with enough information to replicate the sound wave. Naturally, binary data is used to store the amplitude values. Uncompressed, raw audio data is frequently saved in a particular format called a wav file.

Additionally, the audio can be compressed to different levels, for instance, to produce an MP3 file. MP3 files employ lossy compression, which reduces the size of the file by removing and approximating certain audio data. Reducing the portions of the sound wave that are thought to be beyond human hearing is frequently the goal.

Video

In essence, video is a series of pictures that may be saved as such. However, the file size would be too big for the typical video if it were left uncompressed. For this reason, lossy compression is used in almost all videos.

Memory

If you can’t store values in memory and retrieve them later, computer logic isn’t very helpful. Your computer has memory for this reason. This can be accomplished in a variety of methods, all involving somewhat complex science, which I will only try to briefly describe. Every technique has trade-offs of its own.

The following are some essential traits that memory may possess: Speed and performance: Memory that enables fast access to values is more costly, and vice versa. Volatility: A memory is volatile if it requires a power source in order to store values. Otherwise, it’s referred to as persistent or non-volatile memory. To balance these variables, computers employ a variety of internal memory types. For convenience, we also have external storage options.

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Primary memory

The memory that the CPU directly accesses is referred to as main memory. First, the computer’s processor chip has registers that store values like the code for the subsequent instruction to be processed. Then, there are some caches that store values that the CPU is likely to need, either inside the processor or a little bit outside of it.

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